Here’s some news sure to give you a headache: migraines are becoming increasingly common. Each year, migraines affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide. One study found that migraine cases increased globally by more than 50% from 1990 to 2021.
So how can you tell if the pounding in your head is a headache or a migraine? A headache generally refers to pain in the head or face and can vary in intensity and duration. Migraines, on the other hand, are a specific type of headache that often includes additional symptoms such as nausea, sensitivity to light or sound, and sometimes visual disturbances. Recognizing the difference is important for proper management and treatment.
What are the symptoms of a migraine?
Migraine symptoms vary by individual but can include:
- One-sided, throbbing headache
- Visual auras or vision loss
- Light, sound, or smell sensitivity
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue
Migraines can be simple or complex with different symptoms at different times. This can include one or more of these four phases of migraines:
- Prodrome: 24-48 hours before, symptoms include irritability, stiff neck, food cravings, mood changes, yawning, fluid retention, and increased urination.
- Aura: Sensory disturbances such as flashes of light, bright spots, tingling, numbness, or difficulty speaking lasting up to one hour.
- Attack: Headache, usually throbbing on one side; worsened by movement or activity. Can last 4-72 hours if not treated.
- Postdrome: After headache, fatigue or mood changes lasting up to 24 hours, with feelings of exhaustion or euphoria. This is also known as a “migraine hangover.”
What triggers migraines?
Migraines can be triggered by a variety of factors. Common triggers include certain foods, hormonal changes, sensory stimuli, changes in sleep patterns, dehydration, and stress. Identifying your personal triggers can help manage and potentially reduce the frequency of migraines.
There is evidence that migraines can run in families. If one or both of your parents experience migraines, you may be more likely to develop them as well.
How to get rid of a migraine
Managing migraines often requires a combination of strategies. Resting in a dark, quiet room, staying hydrated, and using prescribed or over-the-counter medications can help alleviate symptoms. According to Carolyn A. Bernstein, MD, FAHS, a Mass General Brigham neurologist and the Lavine Family Endowed Chair in Neurology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, “Using a little caffeine at the start of a migraine can help reduce symptoms. However, too much caffeine or caffeine withdrawal can trigger a migraine, so be cautious.”
If you’re experiencing consistent migraines or headaches, talk with your doctor to determine the best treatment plan for your needs. Getting to the doctor’s office when you have a migraine isn’t always easy. Explore virtual care options and connect with a doctor from the comfort of your home.
